Open Source History: Why Didn’t BSD Beat Out GNU and Linux?
If you use a free and open source operating system, it's almost certainly based on the Linux kernel and GNU software. But these were not the first freely redistributable platforms, nor were they the most professional or widely commercialized.
If you use a free and open source operating system, it’s almost certainly based on the Linux kernel and GNU software. But these were not the first freely redistributable platforms, nor were they the most professional or widely commercialized. The Berkeley Software Distribution, or BSD, beat GNU/Linux on all of these counts. So why has BSD been consigned to the margins of the open source ecosystem, while GNU/Linux distributions rose to fantastic prominence? Read on for some historical perspective.
Understanding BSD requires delving far back into the history of Unix, the operating system first released by AT&T Bell Labs in 1969. BSD began life as a variant of Unix that programmers at the University of California at Berkeley, initially led by Bill Joy, began developing in the late 1970s.
At first, BSD was not a clone of Unix, or even a substantially different version of it. It just included some extra utilities, which were intertwined with code owned by AT&T.
That all started to change in the early 1980s, however, when AT&T’s decision to commercialize Unix raised demand for a Unix clone that would be freely redistributable without steep licensing fees. As a result, BSD programmers worked throughout the mid-1980s to separate their code from AT&T’s, and made slow but steady progress toward releasing a complete Unix-like operating system of their own.
They finally achieved their goal in June 1991, when the Net 2 release of BSD became available. In contrast to the Net 1 release that preceded it, which comprised mostly networking code but not a full operating system, Net 2 was a complete, Unix-like system.
Because Net 2 BSD was available under a permissive license that granted access to the source code and the right to redistribute the system or derivatives of it freely, it was effectively the first “open source” operating system to see the light of day. The term “open source” did not yet exist at the time, and the BSD license did not satisfy the Free Software Foundation’s requirements for free-software licensing, but Net 2 was still a major step forward for the free-software community, since it showed that efforts to create a free, Unix-like system could succeed.
Net 2 was also an important leap because it was the only free Unix clone that actually worked. At the time, the Linux kernel did not yet exist. (Linus Torvalds released the first version of Linux several months after Net 2 appeared, and it took more than two more years before Linux became fully functional.) And the GNU operating system, which Richard Stallman and his supporters had been working on since 1984, lacked a kernel.
So, if BSD Net 2 was the first—and, at the time, by far the best—free Unix-like system, why did it not end up taking the hacker community by storm, and become the open source platform we all use today instead of GNU/Linux?
Fighting the Law
Part of the answer was the lawsuit that Unix Systems Labs (USL), which by the early 1990s had acquired rights to what had been AT&T Unix, sued Berkeley Software Design Inc. (BSDI) in early 1992, claiming that BSDI’s commercial implementation of BSD infringed USL’s copyright. In March 1993, a court dismissed most of these claims, but the legal drama continued when the University of California countersued. It was not until early 1994, by which time Novell had acquired the rights to Unix, that the legal disputes were fully resolved through settlement.
Ultimately, the legal drama did not undercut programmers’ ability to use or redistribute BSD. However, it did stunt adoption of the operating system by creating doubts about BSD’s legal future. As a result, it arguably forged an opening that allowed Linux to gain ground despite being developed primarily by an undergraduate in his Helsinki apartment, rather than a team of professional computer scientists at a major American university.
Licenses, Licenses
But the lawsuits do not fully explain BSD’s slow adoption. After all, the GNU/Linux community faced its own series of major legal battles in the early 2000s, when the SCO Group sued several major Linux distributors and corporate users. Yet the GNU/Linux community emerged relatively unscathed from those disputes, which were essentially resolved in 2007 in Linux’s favor.
Part of BSD’s lack of immense popularity with hackers—that is, the people who made GNU and Linux what they became—also had to do with the permissiveness of the Net 2 licensing terms. Unlike GNU’s GPL license, which required the source code of all derivative works of GPL-licensed software to remain publicly available, the BSD license did not force developers who borrowed or tweaked the BSD code for their own projects to share their source code publicly. That was good news for commercial companies wary of sharing their code, but bad for hackers who valued openness and transparency.
The BSD Cathedral
Last but not least, it also mattered that BSD was built by a relatively small, mostly centralized team of professional programmers based in Berkeley. That set it apart from a system like Linux, which Torvalds created in collaboration with a wide network of loosely organized volunteer developers spread across the world. Thus, while BSD functioned as what Eric S. Raymond would call a software “cathedral,” carefully and elegantly built by a small group of master coders, the Linux development scene looked more like a “bazaar,” with code released early and often by a decentralized team of programmers whose only qualification was their ability to get the job done.
The cathedral approach—which GNU, for its part, also adopted for the first 15 years of its history—did not lead to the rapid innovation that helped make Linux so popular in its early years. Thus, the fact that Torvalds, mostly by mistake, stumbled upon a very new, more effective development strategy lent momentum to Linux that BSD never saw.
BSD’s Legacy
Of course, BSD hardly disappeared entirely once Linux had become popular by the mid-1990s. On the contrary, a variety of operating systems based on Net 2, including NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD, remain alive and well today, with small but passionate communities of users.
At the same time, BSD’s permissive licensing terms made its derivatives popular with some proprietary-software companies—most notably Apple, which included some code derived from BSD in its OS X and iOS operating systems. In this sense, BSD—or some form of it—has a massive following today, although the vast majority of people who own Macs, iPhones and iPods have no idea that their hardware relies partially on “open source” code developed at Berkeley in the 1980s and early 1990s.
Maybe that’s sad. After all, Apple software is about as closed as closed can be, making it the total opposite of the type of system the BSD developers envisioned when they unveiled Net 2 in 1991. Either way, it’s an interesting outcome.
For me, it was the ethical
For me, it was the ethical GPL. i didn’t like corporations taking software developed for free by enthusiasts and locking it up and not contributing anything back. Thanks to BSD, Microsoft got a network for nothing
> Thanks to BSD, Microsoft
> Thanks to BSD, Microsoft got a network for nothing
And we don’t much care. As long as I can use my BSD with no restriction, WTF do I care what M$ does with it. You been grinding that axe for, what 20 years now? Sad.
I don’t really care about
I don’t really care about open source or GPL, I used to support open source but then realized they are just a bunch of fanatics. GPL is no different from any proprietary license, let’s say Microsoft decides to include some GPL code and close it off, what happens next? That’s right the same procedure as any license infringement, lawsuits, lawyers, wasted tax money, etc.
I personally don’t care if somebody decides not to release the source code of their project. if I’m suspicious of the developer I’ll use an assembly debugger or various spy tools to see what the app is doing, it’s not like reading millions of lines of obfuscated C code is going to be more helpful, just check out the source code to libc++, machine generated code is more readable.
I also do not care if someone decides to charge a fee for their work, we live in a money based world, everybody needs it to survive. I’d much rather pay a small developer than download free open source software from some big corporation, which makes money from some other commercial product/service, all so the corporation can crush competition from smaller developers.
BSD is a higher quality product than Linux, I do not care for its license.
Linux goes forwards, is
Linux goes forwards, is international and BSD is sponsored by M$, Apple, NSA etc. It was made for some university nerds in California and it should stay there. It looks like Free DOS when you boot and their pathetically tries to convince people it is useful for desktops.
HAHAHAHAHA! What a noob. You
HAHAHAHAHA! What a noob. You praise Linux but you don’t know what a command line interface looks like? Get a friggin’ clue, you desktop button clicker. The real geeks that put in the hard work to make Linux great will happily tell you a lot of the open source in Linux is from the BSD project. You have no idea of the history of UNIX. You stupid noob.
Your ignorance is shinning brightly. You have not a clue of which you speak!
BO you are so typical of the
BO you are so typical of the younger generation that have latched onto linux and infected its community with your zealotry. It is sad that the current generation of linux users such as yourself are such narrow minded sheep. If it where not for the USL lawsuits of the early 90s, linux would most likely never have come to be.
Honestly people like yourself are the cancer of linux. You should either take a step back and realize how idiotic and damaging to the community your zealotry is or otherwise just sod off all together.
I’m young, I’ve been using
I’m young, I’ve been using Linux for no more than four months and the sexiest thing I’ve discovered with it is the command line. People among new gerenetions can still be seduced by a terminal-based OS, don’t worry. Hahahaha. 🙂
You are the young generation
You are the young generation to me. I was using CPM-80 while CPM-86 was in development. I was then a beta tester for CPM-86 but then IBM came out with IBM-PC-Dos a plagiarized version of CPM-86 sold to them by Bill shithead. Then came MS-DOS a year later. Horrible version of CPM-86. Then in 1992 I started looking at Slackware. Came on four 1.44mb diskettes. Didn’t do much but at least it was UNIX Like. Your juvenile attitude shows your age and lack of maturity and apparent lack of knowledge about the history of the OS’s. Bye now Noob!
I was following all the free
I was following all the free Unixes at the time, as well as Minix and Coherent.
To me, what sealed the deal for Linux was that, when BSD’s legal troubles came up, Linux got TCP/IP working.
I don’t like the open bazar
I don’t like the open bazar mindset, at least when applied to crucial bits of software…. example – the Linux kernel. The problem with this mindset is, its no better than commercial laundering of IP licensing. Except in the open source world we see it used through the very freedom act to use said license itself. The very thing that Linux supposedly does not want to become is a commercial dictatorship, yet it still does that via its awkward engineering. All Linux has done is seperate commercial and public interests, it penalizes both ends of the spectrum using an aged old cat and mouse game.
Its like having a centeral authority like the pope giving the world directions on how to baptize different cultures. Unfortunately the blender only has one button.